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VFTS 682, Stars in the Magellanic Cloud Loneliness Using the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile, astronomers found the star named VFTS 682 in the Tarantula Nebula, Large Magellanic Cloud, a small neighboring galaxy to our Milky Way galaxy. The star is more versatile than the Sun, has a mass 150 times greater than the Sun and 3 million times more luminous than the Sun.
However, unlike the 682 VFTS size and stars are typically found in dense star clusters. VFTS 682 which is one of the brightest star ever discovered and has a surface temperature of up to 50,000 degrees Celsius is apparently a lonely star. As quoted Astronomy Now, Joachim Bestenlehner of Armagh Observatory in Northern Ireland who led the study, said, "We were very surprised to find that the star of turned out to be alone, not located in a dense star cluster." Until now, according to Bestenlehner, the origin of the star is still mysterious.
Because the Tarantula Nebula lies adjacent to the star forming regions and close to the group VFTS R136 682, then the astronomers suspect that the first 682 VFTS not alone. According to astronomers, VFTS 682 may be formed in clusters R136 and subsequently ejected to exist in isolation. The explanation may be the answer to the riddle origins VFTS 682. But, if that were true, one more question arise. What kind of energy that could catapult for VFTS 682 stars from from the place? To be sure, these findings will challenge the understanding of evolved massive stars now. The findings were published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.
GerhardHüdepohlwho take care ofrecordingimagesphotosspaceat theEuropean SouthernObservatory(ESO)to recordthe emissionof green lightfrom the Moon.Rayis it?
Gerhardmanaged to capturethe phenomenoninan imageconsistingofseveral photos.He founda greenglowon the moonduringthe morningwas sunnyconditionsat theParanalResidencia.
Greenraysactually notuncommon.AtCerroParanal,a mountainas high as2,600 metersinthe Atacamadesert,Chile,greenlightoftenseen inthe Sunisabout togo down.PhotosGerhardsurprising becausethe phenomenonisusuallyfoundon the Sunare rareonthe Moon.
Greenbeamof lightthatoccursdue to refractionby the atmosphere.Earth's atmospherebend light.Deflectionthe greatertheatmospheric conditions arenot toodenselayers.
InGerhardpositionwhen taking a photo,a greenlightfromthe Sunorthe Moonwhose position isslightlyhigherthan thelightorangeand red.Inthe right conditions,the emissionof green lightcan beseenatthe top ofthe Sunorthe Moonwhile in thenearhorizon.
Sunflameseruptedon Tuesday(7 / 6) morning.Uniquely,the eruption did notcause theflamesinto the sky,butreturnedto thesun,creating arain-shapedcrown.
ResearchersfromNASA'sSolar,JackIreland,claimed tohave neverseen anythinglikethis.The eruption ofrelativelymedium-sized,but theplasma-containingmagnetsthatposedflamescalled thefilamentcan be10 times thesizeof Earth.Genesisof the eruptionwithina fewhours.
Largefilamentsnormallydespite thesun's magnetic fieldandleadinto space.NASAscientistexplains,AlexYoung.Onlyin the eventthis time,the filamentback to thesun."The possibilitydid not haveenough energy,"he said.
The raindid notfall inplasmaperpendicularto thesun,butto followmagnetic field linesthat are notvisible.Somematerialsare attracted tobright spotsof magneticactivity, called theactive area."Fieldof themagnetsthatdrawan active area ofthe plasma.Something thatI had neverseen before,"said Young.
The incident wasrecordedbyNASA'sSolarDynamicsObservatory.The incidentitself will notaffectthe Earth."No needto worry.Enjoy thebeauty,"said Young.
2 Big Black Hole at the Galactic Center Found Markarian 739 Of a further research, astronomers found that Markarian 739, a galaxy which is about 425 million light-years from Earth towards the constellation Leo has not only a giant black hole, but two black holes at the center of the galaxy.
The presence of these two galaxies are detected by the Swift satellite dams Chandra X-Ray Observatory NASA. Although both the black hole at the galactic center, they are separated by a distance of about 11 thousand light-years or about one-third the distance of our solar system with the center of the Milky Way. As an illustration, one light year is about 10 trillion kilometers. Both black holes are found it is also a very active black holes and into the classification of 'supermassive' which means, each having a mass equal to millions or even billions of times the mass of stars like our Sun. In fact, ordinary black holes formed by the collapse of massive stars is only a 10 to 20-fold compared with the mass of the Sun. "At the center of most massive galaxies, including the Milky Way, is a supermassive black hole that weighs millions of times more than the mass of the Sun," said Michael Koss, researchers from NASA, as quoted from Space. "Some of them emit radiation billions of times greater energy than the Sun," he said. However, Koss said, although the supermassive black hole is a common phenomenon that is present in the centers of galaxies, not all black holes emit radiation energy is called 'active galactic nuclei (AGN). "Therefore, get a giant black hole actively extremely rare. Moreover, the finding of two giant black holes in one galaxy, "he said. Astronomers suspect that this pair of supermassive black holes form when there are galaxies that were destroyed. "If two galaxies collide, and each has a supermassive black hole, there is the possibility that the two black holes become active as AGN," says Richard Mushotzky, another researcher from the University of Maryland.
Risk of Very Scary Black Holes Black hole capable of swallowing a variety of celestial bodies. The more he swallowed, the greater its appeal. But the risk is not only that. Black hole is a region of space that can swallow gas, dust, stars, planets, and other celestial objects that exist in a galaxy. Its gravitational pull is very strong. A planet passing in the vicinity will not survive the suction hole.
Many astronomers worry that the more illegal activities will be able to swallow the Earth. So what makes a black hole can suck objects around space? There is actually a theory which states, the suction power of a black hole can be weakened and then he would go into a phase of sleep, stop eating celestial body. According to George Helou, from NASA's Spitzer Science Center at the California Institute of Technology, a black hole in our galaxy is currently in a phase of sleep. Black hole called Sagittarius A is located in the center of the Milky Way galaxy. Scherbakov, astronomers from the Harvard Center for Astrophysics said the black hole at the Milky Way takes only 0.01% of stars around him. But now researchers also discovered a fact, black holes constantly evolving, so that they can be active again someday. The more he swallowed a star, the sooner the process of evolution. According to data obtained from space telescopes, over the last few years, a growing number of black holes swallowing celestial body. In addition, it is said that the more he sucked celestial body, the greater its appeal. This is because an increase in ionic elements in it. But not only evolved, later also known black holes that exist in different galaxies are also joined to each other. Various celestial body that goes into the black hole contains a lot of energy in large quantities. So that the joint between the black hole would also increases the amount of energy it has. This energy can control the flow in and out of gas and dust out of the hole. Not only the dust and gas, astronomers believe that a black hole sucking too much release of X-rays and radioactive waves. But the number of X-ray radiation they observe can not be explained. What is clear, everything that affects the development of the galaxy where the black hole is located. Understanding the process, the workings and evolution of black holes is important to explain the formation of the Milky Way and the integrity of the earth in the future. Studying the interaction of intergalactic radiation and can make us understand the magnitude of the gravitational field, magnetic force, and the black hole radiation. "We have been studying data from space telescope over the last few years, and found that the faster the black hole devouring material space, the higher the ionization power," says David Ballantyne, assistant professor of physics Georgia Institute of Technology. Space physicists do not currently have an adequate explanation of the suction power of black holes and how to grow or what makes a particular black hole stops growing. But clearly, the black hole and the disc will affect the surrounding sky objects. "Sucking on a celestial black hole releases a lot of energy. Not only radiation but also the gases released until far into the outer galaxy. This gas can change the order of the location of stars, and stop the development of galaxies, "Ballantyne said. "Power continues to suck black holes studied. There is a growing and some are dead. Studying is important to know the shape and change the composition of our galaxy, "Ballantyne added. Black hole is sucking celestial body. Earth at risk of being swallowed by it. But the risk was not only that. The gas ejected from the inside can make a celestial body to shift, and may even crash.
TwoBiggestSecretsRevealedThe behaviorof the Universe
The astronomersfound thatgalaxiesin theuniversehas thebehavior of 'wake up' or'asleep'.Galaxies'wake up'veryactively formingstars,whilegalaxies'asleep'notforminganynewstars.
Astronomersfindnearestgalaxyin theuniversefall into oneof these conditions.Buta newsurveyshowsdistant universe,younggalaxiesata distance12 billionmillionlight-yearsis also onthe conditionawake orasleep.That is,galaxieshavingthis kind of behaviorfor morethan 85%of thehistory of theuniverse.
"In fact,seeinga younggalaxyin thedistant universehave diedisamazing,"saidstudy leaderKateWhitakerquoteda descriptionof Yale University.
Not manygalaxiesare inbetweenthese conditions,furtherPietervanDokkumof Yaleastronomerwho also joinedin this study.
For most people, when we see the stars in the sky, of course, we get that all the stars is near identical to each other. Star is a bright glowing ball of gas. The question is, how do we know how old the star?
Recently, astronomers have obtained a method to accurately determine the age of the star from observing how the star rotates. Played like a top on the table, then how fast or slow rotation of the star can be a determinant of time what is the age of a star.
These comments were made by astronomers named Soren Meibom of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics at the American Astronomical Society meeting 218.
Why do astronomers need to understand the age of a star?
Assessment of age stars have a very important role in various studies in astronomy, in particular of course to search for planets outside the solar system, studying how the formation, development, and why every planetary systems that have been found so unique from one another.
By knowing the age of a star, then we can determine the age of planets, and whether there may be a life that had grown out there.
The older age of the planet, the greater the possibility of life forms, because as has been known planetary systems are at a star usually formed simultaneously with the birth star itself.
Knowing the age of stars tend to be easy to determine if stars will be measured it was in a star cluster system.
Basic knowledge of astronomy is to obtain the relationship of color and brightness of stars in the cluster in order to determine the age group, but his condition would become very difficult when the star to be determined age are not in a single cluster system.
As the stars that have been found to have planetary systems, most are not in the group, so determining the age of a challenge in the study of astronomy.
Research conducted by Meibon et al use the observations of the Kepler spacecraft, by measuring the ratio of rotation on a 1 billion year old cluster called NGC 6811.
NGC 6811
This value nearly double that of previous studies, and age it still be said about the investigation on the young group.
This study provides new insights on the relationship with the star's rotation ratio of age. If the validity of the star's rotation and age relations can be obtained, then the measurement of star's rotation period of each star can be used to determine their age - a technique known as gyrochronology, but this is not necessarily to be used.
As the system time on Earth that require a standard, then the system timing (age) should be able to be calibrated to a standard.
As we on Earth states that one year consists of 365 days, etc, then for the time to get fit, must be able to obtain a stability.
To that end, the first step that the researchers did was to start from measurements of a cluster system that has been known to age.
By measuring the rotation of the cluster member stars, can be studied stars spin ratio to determine the age-old. Measurement of rotation of the star members of clusters at different ages can link between rotation and age.
To be able to measure the rotation of stars, astronomers have to get the star brightness changes caused by star spots on the surface of the star, as sun spots on the surface of the Sun.
If there are spots formed on the surface and is in the direction to the observer, the star will experience a slight dimming, until the spots disappear, and come back a little more luminous star.
By determining how long it rotating spots on the surface of the star, it can be determined how fast rotating star observed.
Of course, brightness changes due to star spots are very, very small, less than one percent and become smaller in the older stars.
Thus the star's rotation measurements in stars that are older than half a billion years can not be done from the Earth's surface due to the interference of Earth's atmosphere. But the problems it currently has to be overcome to use Kepler spacecraft observations, because the spacecraft had been designed to measure star brightness with great precision in order to determine the existence of planetary systems at the stars.
Of course, determining the age-rotation relationship in the case of NGC 6811 is not an easy job for Meibom et al because they have spent four years determine the cluster member stars or other stars who happen to be in the same direction of view.
This is done use a device called Hectochelle mounted on the MMT telescope on Mt. Hopkins southern Arizona. Hectochelle tool can observe 240 stars at once, and thus about 7000 stars have been observed during the four years of observations.
After learning about the stars who are members of the group, then the next data from the Kepler used to determine how fast the stars rotate.
They found a rotation period between 1 to 11 days (a more hot and massive spin faster), compared with the Sun's rotation ratio is only 30 days.
The most important of their findings is the relationship with the star mass ratio of rotation with small data distribution. These findings confirm that gyrochronology is a new method that can be used to study the age of a star.
Meibom team is currently planning to study the system of the older group in order to calibrate the time determining their star. It certainly is a step that is more difficult because the older star rotates slower and have fewer spots, which means that changes its light will be very small.
Work Meibom et al that has been a leap in the understanding of how the stars in the sky (including the Sun) to work, as well as on the understanding of planetary systems in the distant stars.
You ever heard of black holes? He is a dark gap in space which suck all the things around him and threw him to the nothingness of space. Now some scientists say that once there is evidence of the opposite of black holes.
The opposite of black holes, white holes or white holes do not suck things around but spewing out material coming from the middle of nowhere into our universe.
Our own universe is a strange place, and the black hole is one of the most bizarre thing that is present in it. But mathematically, a black hole should be reversed, that is, there is something that spew material, do not suck.
Quoted from Dvice, white holes operate with a different mode with a black hole. They suddenly appear for a short period of time. They then threw a number of materials into their own universe and then collapse, forming black hole and then never looked back.
Behavior white hole like this is very difficult to observe. But researchers believe they have found one of them.
In 2005, a shot of gamma rays had recorded but did not come together with the presence of a supernova that is generally triggered the burst of gamma rays. There is a possibility, he was present due to the collapse of a white hole.
What is interesting about the white hole is the formation of their material similar to the so-called Big Bang, or so-called phenomenon of the formation of an entire universe. This makes the white hole also called 'Small Bangs'.
White holes do not have spatial coordinates and exact time and could not be detected at all. They can suddenly appear at any time, anywhere and carry on their work before returning to disappear.
So far, the existence of white holes is still a conjecture. However, the black hole also is alleged to exist only really known in recent decades. And as was said by the physicist Murray Gell-Mann, whatever is not forbidden is compulsory.
That is, at least from a quantum mechanical point of view, there must be a white hole in one corner of the universe.
A group of researchers led by Stephen Feeney tried to give an answer to that question. Their results showed that there was something else in the echo (echo) big bang. They started the analysis of different modeling universe called eternal inflation.
Eternal Inflation Theory
Eternal Inflation in the modeling, which can be observed universe would be in a bubble embedded in a vast parallel world (the multiverse / many of the universe). Part of the multiverse is undergoing development with super acceleration.
This means that our universe is not alone. There is another universe in a bubble in this vast cosmos, and could be a law of physics that apply in another universe are different from those in our universe.
Tests of this scenario is not easy because eternal inflation is epoh pre-inflation (before inflation) and signals from outside the bubble of our universe will be drawn on the horizon / skyline super scale unobserved.
Nevertheless, there are other possibilities for this epoh can browse through collisions between vacuum bubbles. That is, the universe is observed in bubbles of the past clearly have a hard and collided with each other leaving a cosmic signs in the place they touch. The collision happened will generate inhomegenitas on the inside of bubbles, so that these markers will certainly be seen in the present in the cosmic microwave back lata.
The current results also show that the existence of collision between bubbles is feasible and compatible with cosmological observations. In some models, collisions tend to occur in our past light cone and collision may leave marks that can be observed.
The remaining traces of collision between bubbles
Well to be able to observe the collision bubble depends on several things, among others; scalar potential field that controlling inflation is eternal (and controlling the rate of formation of bubbles); duration of bubble inflation in our universe (the greater the inflation, the more thin the signal) and a particular realization of sky microwave background (CMB) and collision of bubble can be observed (even a clear signal could be obscured by the foreground).
One thing to realize Feeney and his colleagues, though there is enough motivation to consider the model of eternal inflation, but concrete model that provides all the details of the model of eternal inflation is not yet available.
However, the collision will form a bubble is a sign that the target set analysis. Among them;
* Asimutal symmetry: marks left by the collision bubble in the sky CMB will have asimutal symmetry or size of the angle of symmetry as a consequence of the symmetry SO (special orthogonal group) of space-time that describes the collision two vacuum bubbles.
* Casual Boundary (Boundary Casual): Last scattering surface (previously) only to diperngaruhi in the future light cone (cone that will happen) of a collision. The intersection of the past light cone (before), the future light cone (which will happen) when the collision and the surface of last scattering is a ring. The observed temperature of the CMB do not have to continuously within these limits.
* Length of the wavelength modulation: Bubble collision is a relic of pre-inflation. Effects of the collision has been withdrawn by the inflation and cause the overall CMB temperature modulation becomes anisotropic.
From observations on the data for 7-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), Feeney and his colleagues found signs that a collision is expected to fit as a bubble. This research group found 4 mark in the CMB sky corresponding to the bubble collision. That is, in the past of our universe was hit by another bubble at least 4 times.
If this evidence can be strengthened by the data to be retrieved by the Planck satellite, the researchers will be able to obtain information about the possibility of parallel universe or another universe or multiverse.
Asteroid has repeatedly made life on Earth Hour. Purdue University researchers created a simulation for people to easily determine the impact of asteroids on earth.
People can choose whichever parts of the Earth will be destroyed and how much effect the damage. In fact, can choose how. Tsunami? Earthquake?. According to Professor Jay Melosh, earth and atmospheric scientist at Purdue University, the technology involves damage to the planet that even toddlers can use it.
Actually, the technology that made Melosh is a simulation that is easy to use. This media is presenting a variety of asteroids that could potentially destroy the Earth. By selecting the cosmic rock characteristics such as size, speed, density and so the approach angle, it will be known to damage resulting from collisions of material into Earth space.
That site is in addition to helping teachers provide information about physics and the history of asteroid collision to the students, also help NASA scientists and the U.S. Defense Department study the worst scenario to Earth asteroid collision.
Own solar system has always been a place to show off the collision of matter given the large amount of dust and rock outer space. About 100 tons of dust from comets and asteroids hit Earth every day. This includes rocks at cars, though broken in the atmosphere before it actually reaches the ground. However, every 100 years, great material close to the earth.
For example on June 30, 1908, an asteroid which is estimated to 37 meters in diameter, fell on the River Tunguska, Siberia. It creates an explosion as high as 8500 meters and is equivalent to 185 atomic energy that destroyed Hiroshima. In addition, very wide Barringer Crater in Arizona Padang, probably due to 50-meter wide asteroid that hit the earth 50 thousand years ago. Dinosaurs estimated destroyed by 14 kilometers wide asteroid that hit Earth 65 million years ago.
Since 1995, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA considers the attack as the most serious asteroid. They track asteroids near Earth with the help of the Palomar Observatory at the California Institute. Although JPL sent many warnings, but the asteroid danger still exists.
Last April, for example, an asteroid named 2010 GA6 near the Earth with a distance of 270 thousand miles. This is just a little farther than the distance of 30 thousand months. Three months earlier, another object even at a distance of 76 thousand miles.
Program to keep the Earth not only made the U.S. Defense Department and NASA, but also the U.S. Air Force, United State Geological Survey (USGS) and the governments of other countries. They create scenarios pascabenana and explore technologies that can track the arrival of an asteroid. The method includes the use of unmanned spacecraft.
Studies using web media sooner, though less academic in publicizing the impact of an asteroid. Asteroids can cause unforeseen factors such as the impact of kilotons of energy, the radius of the debris of asteroids and other.
In fact, this calculation is very important to determine the potential impact of disasters, said John Spray, director of the center of planetary and space sciences at the University of New Brunswick, Canada. However, this simulation is widely used is positive because government agencies and scientific groups to study the events space.
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I am not so fat and not so small. I am very cute. My school in SMP 1 Jepara. I like Arkeolog.I want to be archaeologists. I have a pet cat named chicko. She is my female cat with my faithful friends. chicko died in 2009. Although chicko already died, chicko remain in my heart.
